Marquise

Since the second half of the nineties, the gold market in Iran faced severe price fluctuations and disruptions, which had significant effects on gold buying and selling patterns. These developments led to important changes in consumer behavior and jewelry design and production trends.

Changes in the buying and selling pattern
- Tendency to light and second-hand gold: With the increase in the price of gold, people turned to buying light and second-hand gold instead of buying new and heavy gold. This change in the buying pattern increased the demand for light and fancy gold.
- Fancy gold and jewelry: Fancy gold with special designs such as butterfly and Jadau, as well as customized gold combined with leather and texture, have become the trend of the day and attracted many audiences.

Impact on production and design
- Increasing the production of fancy and minimal golds: Brands and production workshops started to produce more light and fancy golds. Also, clothing brands also entered the field of gold production and added minimal and simple but popular works to the design of their clothes.
- Renovation of the traditional market: The traditional gold market also began to reform with the entry of new competitors and innovations and increased the import of modeled foreign gold. These measures helped to create more variety and improve the quality of products.

Design features and new products
- Combination with leather and texture: New golds, especially in fancy styles, are often combined with other materials such as leather and texture, which gives more visual appeal and variety to the products.
- Minimal and simple designs: These designs, which are simple but stylish and popular, include the use of small and minimal details such as gold buttons or golden collars.
- Innovation in design: The gold market has moved from traditional to innovative and modern designs, which attracts new customers and maintains the attractiveness of the market.

Economic and social impacts
- Recession and fluctuations: Despite the recession and price fluctuations, changes in the design and production of gold have increased the variety and attractiveness of products and attracted more customers.
- Establishment of new brands and workshops: Many new businesses have entered the gold market, and gold manufacturing brands and workshops have been established, which help the gold industry grow and develop.

Conclusion
Changes in the Iranian gold and jewelry market in the last decade have been accompanied by severe price fluctuations and economic and social developments. These changes have led to changes in buying and selling patterns, design and production of jewelry. The production of light and fancy gold, the entry of clothing brands into the gold market, and innovation in design have moved the gold market out of the traditional mode and towards a more modern and diverse market. These changes have not only increased the attractiveness and diversity of the products, but also improved the quality and attracted new customers by creating competition and innovation.

Changes in the use of gold and jewelry in Iran's social classes in the 40s

With social changes in the 40s, three social groups with different views on gold and jewelry were formed.

1. Jewelry downstairs
The lower class of society usually used gold ornaments in small amounts. This group considered the use of gold distasteful for men and only allowed the use of jewelry for women in the presence of their wives. Therefore, jewelry designers and makers only designed for women and men had no place in this group.

In this class, most of the jewelry used included silver rings with agate and turquoise, and jewelry such as gold watches, tie pins, neck chains, bracelets, and hand plates had no place for men. For women, ornaments such as chains and breastplates with prayers or religious names were common. Much of the jewelry was made in Arabic and Indian style, and due to financial constraints, jewelry with light weight and simple design was preferred. Yellow gold was more valued than white gold, and white gold was considered a substitute.

Ornaments used downstairs:
- Long and famous pea chains, braided chains, snake chains
- Pendants and chest plaques with designs of hearts or Kaaba and religious prayers
- Pendants with agate stone or turquoise
- Pendants with agate stone or turquoise
- Wire and wide enameled bangles
- Hoop and Indian earrings
- Simple rings or with agate and turquoise

2. Jewelry in the middle class
The middle class, which made up the majority of society, was influenced by the intellectual and fashion changes brought about by the intellectuals. At first, these intellectuals came back from the Soviet Union with communist and anti-capitalist ideas and considered the use of gold and jewelry as a sign of showing off and luxury. These thoughts caused the use of ornaments in this class to decrease and the production of manufacturers was also limited.

Over time, the middle class, by traveling to Europe and America and learning about their developments, tended to use more modern ornaments. Organic designs inspired by nature became popular, such as flower-shaped rings and earrings with designs of birds and butterflies. Minkari and gold inlay also helped to create artistic works.

Ornaments used in the middle class:
- Rope chains, Rolex and Marie
- Pendants and chest plates with fancy designs and organic shapes
- Fancy rings and wedding rings with small diamonds
- Pearl and turquoise necklaces
- Chain and wide bracelets
- Fancy hoop earrings
- Wire and wide enameled bangles

3. Gold and jewelry in the wealthy class
The affluent class, which constituted the minority of society, enjoyed all the benefits of fashion changes and used luxurious and precious jewelry. By ordering luxurious and beautiful jewelry, with the help of precious stones such as diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and pearls, this group used to own very beautiful jewelry.

Ornaments used in the wealthy class:
- Fancy rings, enameled and jeweled with diamonds, emeralds and rubies
- Fancy and organic design earrings, enameled and jeweled
- Chain bracelets and jewelry
- Big and fancy chains
- Large pendants with jewelry

Conclusion
In the 40s, the use of gold and jewelry in different classes of Iranian society was influenced by social, cultural and economic factors. While the lower class used simple and light ornaments due to financial limitations and religious thoughts, the middle class gradually turned to modern and organic ornaments under the influence of intellectuals and fashion changes. The affluent class always used luxurious and precious jewelry and followed fashion changes more quickly.

Buying and selling coins by the central bank

In addition to buying and selling coins, which is done face-to-face, with wholesale and individual sales, there are other ways to buy and sell coins. These methods include pre-buying or pre-selling of gold coins, as well as buying and selling gold coins in the high-risk stock market.

Advance purchase and advance sale of gold coins
Pre-purchase or pre-sale of gold coins is mostly done by the central bank. In this method, before the central bank mints the coins, the money for the coins is received from the people and they wait until they receive their coins on a certain date. This process is in such a way that the central bank encourages people to pre-purchase coins by announcing certain conditions.

Why do people pre-buy coins?
You may ask, why do people give their money to the central bank and not receive any coins? The reason for this is that the central bank provides attractive conditions for the advance purchase of coins. These terms include special discounts, lower interest rates, and guaranteed future coin delivery. For this reason, many people prefer to pre-purchase their coins from the Central Bank instead of buying cash from coin shops.

Advantages of pre-purchasing coins from the central bank
1. Higher security: Buying from the central bank is more secure because there is no risk of fraud or receiving low-quality coins.
2. Better financing terms: The central bank usually offers better financing terms than the open market, such as a discount or fixed rate guarantee.
3. Encouraging investment: By providing attractive conditions, the central bank encourages people to invest in gold, which can contribute to economic stability.

Buying and selling coins in the stock market
Buying and selling gold coins in the stock market is also one of the other methods that is particularly popular among investors due to high volatility and high risks. In this method, gold coins are recognized as a tradable asset in the commodity exchange, and people can make a profit by buying and selling these assets. But this method requires more knowledge and experience because the stock market is full of fluctuations and unpredictable changes.

Conclusion
There are different ways to buy and sell gold coins, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Pre-buying and pre-selling coins through a central bank is a more popular choice for many people due to the special conditions and higher security. But for those who are looking for more risk and higher potential profits, the stock market can be a good option. It is important that each person chooses the right method according to their risk tolerance and investment goal.

What is a bubble?
The difference between the real price and the market price of a commodity is called a bubble. A bubble occurs when the price of a commodity increases or decreases for reasons other than its intrinsic value.

What is the positive and negative bubble of gold?
A positive bubble occurs when the market price of a commodity, such as a coin or gold, is greater than its true value. In other words, the market price is too high. Conversely, a negative bubble occurs when the market price is lower than the real value of the commodity, that is, the market price is abnormally lower than its real value.

When does a coin bubble happen?
A coin bubble is formed when the coin market price fluctuates greatly under the influence of external factors such as the economic and political conditions of the country and deviates from its real price. The actual price of the coin is determined based on the world price of an ounce of gold and the exchange rate.

Who benefits from the coin bubble?
People who can predict market changes and get in or out at the right time will profit from coin bubbles. For example, in a positive bubble, those who bought the coin before the price went up can profit by selling it at a higher price. Conversely, in a negative bubble, people who buy the coin after the price drops can profit after the price returns to normal.

Factors causing the coin bubble
The creation of positive and negative bubbles in the coin market mainly occurs due to changes in supply and demand. When a large number of people are looking to buy a coin and the demand exceeds the supply, the price of the coin increases and a positive bubble is formed. Conversely, when the attractiveness of investing in a coin decreases and sellers outnumber buyers, the price of the coin decreases and a negative bubble is created.

Understanding the concept of a coin bubble and the factors that influence it will help investors make better decisions in the market and make the most of the opportunities available.

The story of vacuuming coins goes back decades. At that time, in order to ease the customer's mind about the authenticity of the coin, the exchange and coin dealers used to present their business card to the customer along with the coin. At that time, this business card had the status of a coin invoice and the customer was at ease.

This procedure continued until the money changers decided to press the coins on their business cards to increase the validity of the coin and make their work more beautiful. This process has progressed to the point where now all bank coins are bought and sold only in a vacuumed form. This means that these vacuumed coins have gained so much credibility among the public that people think that if a coin does not have a vacuum, it is not valid. But this belief is not true and all the open and non-vacuum coins minted by the central bank have the same weight and denomination as the vacuum coins.

The gold standard has been abandoned since the beginning of the First World War in most European countries and then gradually in other countries, and it was replaced by an unbacked monetary policy. In addition to capital use and use in jewelry, this metal has various other uses. Dentistry, production of colored glass and electronic industries are among the most important uses of gold. Due to its high electrical conductivity, this metal has many uses in electrical wiring.

According to estimates, more than 174 thousand tons of gold have been mined throughout human history until 2012. This amount is equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces in terms of Hajji, which is equivalent to 9015 cubic meters, according to estimates, 50% of it is used in the form of jewelry, 40% in the form of ingots and coins for investment in the official gold reserves, and about 10% in the industry sector.

The amount of global gold production in 2011 was about 2700 tons, which has increased significantly compared to 2260 tons in 2008. Since the 1880s, a large part of the world's gold production has been done in South Africa. About half of all the gold that has been mined so far has been from this country. From 1905 to 2007, South Africa has been consistently recognized as the number one gold producing country in the world. In 1970, this country produced 1480 tons of gold, equivalent to 79% of the total world gold production. South Africa's share in gold production has declined sharply in recent years. By 2017, China is by far the largest gold producer in the world with an annual production of 440 tons of gold.

India has been the largest importer of gold in recent decades due to the high demand for jewelry in this country. It is estimated that 18 thousand tons of gold are kept in the homes of Indians. However, in 2013, gold demand in China surpassed that of India. The unit of measurement of gold in the global market is the troy ounce, equivalent to 31.1 grams. The price of gold in July 2020 was equivalent to $1,800 per ounce, which is equivalent to about $58,000 per kilogram.

Uses of gold

Gold, when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass, produces a deep, intense red color.

In photography, gold toners are used to change the color of black and white silver bromide prints to brown or blue colors or to increase their stability. Gold toners used in brown prints produce red colors. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toner that use gold as chloride.

Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light as well as radio waves. It is used for protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared shielding plates in astronaut thermal suits and helmets, and in electronic warfare aircraft such as the EA-6B Prowler.  Gold. is used as a reflective layer in some high-end CDs.

Cars may use gold for heat protection. McLaren uses gold leaf in the engine compartment of its F1 model.

Gold can be made so thin that it appears translucent. In some airplane cabin windows, it is used for defrosting or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat from the gold resistance is enough to prevent ice from forming.

The gold is attacked and dissolved in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide to form salt gold cyanide – a technique used in the extraction of metallic gold from ore in the cyanide process. Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial gold plating on base metals and electroforming.

Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red glasses, which, like colloidal gold suspensions, contain spherical gold nanoparticles of uniform size.

When gold is dispersed in nanoparticles, it can act as a heterogeneous catalyst for chemical reactions.

Other uses of gold include:

• Using gold toners in photo printing to change black and white to brown or blue colors
• Making a Gold Compact Disc
• Heterogeneous Gold Catalysis in the form of nanoparticles

From the applications of gold in medicine Apart from medical uses such as making medicines and such, we can mention the making of surgical instruments, use in some artificial parts of the body, the making of some laboratory equipment such as accurate thermometers, etc. 

Gene therapy with gold element

Gold nanoparticles are used in gene therapy, which is a method of treating disease through the repair of defective genes.

Photothermal therapy

Gold nanorods have been used as photothermal agents in photothermal therapy (PTT) research. In this treatment method, electromagnetic radiation, which is usually in infrared wavelengths, is used to treat various diseases, including cancer.

Biosensor

The use of gold nanoparticles in biosensors increases their stability, sensitivity and selectivity. These types of sensors are divided into two main groups: optical and electrochemical biosensors. In electrochemical sensors, biological data is converted into electrical signals.

Gold in dentistry

The relatively good malleability of gold alloys and the ineffectiveness of this element have led to its use in dentistry. The gold element is used in dentistry to restore and cover teeth.

The medicinal use of gold in the form of metal has been popular since ancient times. In the 19th century, this metal was used to treat anxiety, nervous disorders, depression, epilepsy, migraine, amenorrhea, impotence and alcoholism.

In fact, the gold element does not react with any of the chemicals in the body and is ineffective against them, and only its salts and isotopes have medicinal value. For example, stomach acid has no effect on gold.

Medical Imaging

Thin gold coatings are used to observe biological or biological samples and other non-conductive materials such as plastic and glass in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When gold is irradiated, it produces a lot of secondary electrons. Secondary electrons that have low energy are one of the signal sources of scanning electron microscope. The emission of these electrons is the result of charged particles such as electrons or ions hitting the metal surface in a vacuum tube.

Quick Diagnosis

Colloidal gold is used in the immunogold labeling or staining method (Immunogold labeling | IGS) in the electron microscope for rapid detection or immunoassay. By using this method, colloidal gold particles coated with special antibodies with the characteristic of surface absorption of protein molecules can explore the presence and position of antigens or antigens on the surfaces of cells. These particles can be seen with an electron microscope in highly sensitive findings in the form of dense dots where antigens are present.

In nuclear medicine of 198 Au isotope  whose half-life is only 2.7 days for the treatment of some cancers use. Colloidal nanoparticles are used in cancer research to detect tumors using Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).

Drug Delivery

Gold nanoparticles are used in drug delivery to optimize and improve the targeted biodistribution of drugs in organs, tissues or cells. Drug delivery includes unstable drug targets such as proteins, tumors, intracellular organelles, hard-to-reach locations such as the brain, retina, and drugs with serious side effects such as anticancer drugs.

Identifying real gold with the skin of the body

In this method of detecting gold from fake, which can be said to be one of the easiest ways to quickly detect gold, just put the gold in contact with your skin and look for a bluish or green color on your skin.

It is very easy to recognize real gold by skin: you can hold a piece of gold jewelry between your hands for a few minutes. The sweat on your hands will either react with the gold metal and change the color of your skin or leave it unchanged.

In fact, in this gold diagnosis method, we should know that when gold is in direct contact with your skin, color change does not occur. If the gold is fake, it will cause your skin to turn black, blue or green at the contact points.

There is an exception to this gold detection method, and that happens when you test gold on your skin while using liquid cream powder. Keep in mind that when gold gets into makeup, it will darken your skin at the contact points. To quickly detect gold, it is better to remove all cosmetics before the gold test.