Marquise

In the 80s and 90s, the use of computers in the design and production of gold and jewelry in leading countries brought to the market very beautiful designs that had the characteristics of elegance, beauty, light weight and affordability for most sections of the society. Iranian businessmen and builders also thought of using these designs in the Iranian market. To supply these designs to the gold and jewelry market, there were two solutions: one, importing these works from Europe and Southeast Asia and second, copying and making these designs in Iran.

Trying to adapt to the global market
Many builders decided to pursue the second option, i.e. copying and making these designs in-house, although many of these works, due to the lack of finesse in the construction, actually made the consumer more willing to buy foreign works. Due to the lack of acceptance of low-quality copied works, domestic manufacturers decided to update their manufacturing technology, but this itself caused the cost of construction to increase and the lower classes of society faced problems.

Production problems and price increases
Due to the problems of producing copied designs, designers and manufacturers turned to design, but because there was not enough experience and expertise in this field, they started to recreate the same old designs with slight changes, which are still available in the market. In the meantime, the increase in the base price of gold also caused the design, manufacturing, supply and buying and selling of gold and jewelry products to stagnate. However, the middle class sometimes and the wealthy class still had the possibility to buy these products.

Common jewelry in the 80s and 90s
Most of the artifacts used in this period for jewelry of different classes were:
1. Chains:
- New and elegant chains in various models, colors and sizes
- Older chains such as Venetian, Figaro, Rolex, Disco, Rope, Marie, etc

2. Pendants and plates:
- Pendants and chest plates with fancy designs or different shapes and colors
- Plaques with religious prayers or engraved geometric shapes with different subjects and shapes
- Pendants with colored stones

3. Earrings:
- Fancy and elegant earrings in different models and colors
- Hoop earrings with beautiful shapes

4. Bracelets:
- Bracelets with many different designs

5. Rings:
- Fancy rings
- Jewelry rings
- Jeweled rings such as agate and turquoise
- Wedding rings

6. Bangles:
- Bracelets or spring bracelets
- Wire, profile, hollow and mirror bangles

7. Various services:
- Chain services, tennis, mum, casting, jewelry, fancy cutting and jewelry

Conclusion
In the 80s and 90s, due to the growth of technology and the increase in the price of gold, the gold and jewelry industry in Iran faced many challenges. However, the effort to adapt to the global market and use new designs created the ground for changes in the design and production of jewelry in Iran. This period saw the combination of old designs with new styles, and some parts of the society continued to use these ornaments.

With the progress of mankind in industry and technology and the evolution of human thought throughout history, the shapes and types of jewelry have also changed and have become more elegant along with beauty. These changes and becoming more beautiful over time can be called "fashion".

Fashion is formed under the influence of the cultural and social conditions of the society in a certain period of time. Another definition has been provided for fashion: "The mode of behavior that is temporarily adopted by a certain part of the members of a social group, because they recognize that selected behavior is socially suitable for that time and situation."

Important points in reviewing fashion and gold
1. Class tendencies:
In different social classes, there are people who have higher or lower intellectual class tendencies than their current social class and behave in different classes. These people are not the subject of this report and the subject of the report is the vast majority of acceptable people of that class under discussion.

2. Impartiality in analysis:
Irrespective of any kind of intellectual and ideological tendency, only the report of behavioral changes of different classes of society regarding the use of ornaments in a certain period of time has been discussed and there is no intention and effort to evaluate the opinions and thoughts of different classes of society.

Conclusion
Fashion and gold, as part of the culture and art of societies, not only reflect intellectual and social developments, but also have profound effects on people's taste and behavior due to appearance and aesthetic changes. Examining these changes helps to better understand social and cultural developments and shows how various factors such as intellectual trends, interests, and geographical conditions affect fashion and the use of jewelry.

Gold mining includes exploration, drilling, geology, refining and refining to extract gold from the mines of this metal. Sources of gold element for mining are open, underground and alluvial. The gold mining process includes the following general steps.

Mining discovery: Mining discovery may take between 1 and 10 years and requires financial resources and the use of experts in the fields of geography, geology, chemistry and engineering. Less than 0.1% of the discovered mines have the potential to be developed and mined.

Mining development: Mine development is the second stage of gold mining. For mine development, planning, mine construction and necessary infrastructure are needed.

Extraction operation: The operation of extracting the element of gold includes mining, gold processing and converting the extracted ore into a metal alloy with a purity of 60 to 90.

closing the mine: After the end of mining and mine activity, the operation of mine closure and land reconstruction is done.

Resuscitation: After the closure of the mine, the environment should be cleaned of pollution and vegetation and soil should be restored as much as possible to reach stability.

Extracting gold from its ore includes crushing, processing minerals and applying hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes on the extracted ore. Gold was extracted from alluvial rock sources with placer methods. In hydraulic mining, water pressure is used to break alluvial deposits.

Extraction of gold element by carbon absorption

Extraction is done by using activated carbon porous matrix and absorbing gold in it. To separate the gold absorbed in the carbon matrix, a strong solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and cyanide are used for elution.

Mercury process for elemental gold

Small-scale gold extraction is done using mercury and the formation of mercury-gold amalgam, but due to mercury pollution on a large scale, the use of this method has been stopped.

Gold element mining pollution

5 tons of gold ore are needed to extract only 10 grams of gold. The process of digging the ground, the use of heavy machinery for transportation and the use of chemicals such as mercury and cyanide cause damage to the environment. The environment of gold mining mines suffers a lot due to the construction of dams on rivers, deforestation and removal of mountains.

Identifying real gold with the skin of the body

In this method of detecting gold from fake, which can be said to be one of the easiest ways to quickly detect gold, just put the gold in contact with your skin and look for a bluish or green color on your skin.

It is very easy to recognize real gold by skin: you can hold a piece of gold jewelry between your hands for a few minutes. The sweat on your hands will either react with the gold metal and change the color of your skin or leave it unchanged.

In fact, in this gold diagnosis method, we should know that when gold is in direct contact with your skin, color change does not occur. If the gold is fake, it will cause your skin to turn black, blue or green at the contact points.

There is an exception to this gold detection method, and that happens when you test gold on your skin while using liquid cream powder. Keep in mind that when gold gets into makeup, it will darken your skin at the contact points. To quickly detect gold, it is better to remove all cosmetics before the gold test.

If we buy gold online, how can we ensure its authenticity?

These days, apart from the traditional gold shops in the markets, you can also buy gold and jewelry online. But the question is, how and with what confidence can we buy gold from online gold shops?

it's simple. There are ways that you can be aware of the authenticity of gold or the safety of buying from online gold shops. For example, suppose you want to buy a gold bracelet and you go to buy it on an internet site. To make sure that the gold is genuine and your purchase is legal and without fraud, pay attention to the following points:

• The site where you buy gold must have official permits to buy and sell gold from the Gold Dealers Union.
• The site must have an electronic trust mark.
• All contact numbers and addresses of gold shops must be listed on the site.
• Each of the products in the store must have a birth certificate and a warranty.
• There is a possibility of returning the product and your payment if the product is fake.

How to test the authenticity of gold with a lighter?

Detecting gold by burning is one of the very simple ways to detect gold from change at home. The detection of gold by burning is in such a way that you first set fire to the gold and try to burn your gold. If your gold is real, it will brighten with the flame, but it won't actually catch fire or burn. If your gold piece starts to smoke or darken, you probably have fake gold and you've easily tested the gold standard at home.

It is interesting to know that real gold does not burn and darken under heat and simply melts; That is why it can be molded and made into different shapes without losing its luster and beautiful golden yellow color.

On the other hand, other metals such as copper, iron and brass change color and become darker when exposed to flame. If your item is only gold plated, the gold plating will melt and you will see a darker metal underneath.

Determining the grade of gold with a touchstone

To determine the purity percentage of Talajat, first we draw the metal suspected to be gold (20 times) on the touchstone and then we draw some refined Soltani water on it.

Identifying real gold with water

The easiest and cheapest way to distinguish gold from other metals is to use water. In this method of identifying gold, you can throw your jewelry in water, if the gold remains on the bottom of the container and does not float, you can be sure that your gold is genuine.

Real gold detection with Vitex

Another way to distinguish gold from rhinestones is to use Vitex. Of course, before explaining this method, it should be mentioned that detecting gold with Vitex causes corrosion in gold. Therefore, it is not recommended to use this method. To do this method, it is enough to pour a very small amount of Vitex on the gold. If you notice the color of the metal changing to red, green or brown, your gold is genuine; But if the desired metal turns black, it indicates that it is fake.

Detection of real gold with iodine

You can check the authenticity of gold with iodine. Apply a little iodine on the surface of the gold, if the trace remains, the gold is fake. But if it is lost, your jewelry is original. If you put a drop of iodine on platinum and it leaves a dark mark, the darker the platinum, the purer it is..

Identifying real gold with ice

Gold and silver are very strong conductors of heat compared to other metals. If you put your gold and silver on a piece of ice, the melting speed of the ice will increase so that you think you have placed a hot object on it, so you can use this method to identify the original gold and silver.

Identification of real gold by weighing

If you have recently bought a gold bar, but you are worried that you have bought fake gold instead of real gold, you can weigh it to find out. First, put the ingot on an accurate scale and measure its weight. Then fill a container with water, place it on the scale and set the weight indicator to zero. Immerse the ingot completely in the water and weigh it again. To find out, just divide the first number by the second number. If the obtained figure is 32.19, you have bought pure gold.

Detection of real gold with nitric acid

A definitive method for detecting gold is the use of nitric acid. Place your jewelry in a stainless steel container. Pour a drop of nitric acid on it, if they do not react with each other, your gold is genuine. But if the color of the drop of nitric acid turns green or brown due to the reaction, your gold is fake. Note that nitric acid damages your jewelry. In addition, because nitric acid is dangerous, it is better to leave this to an experienced goldsmith.

Detection of real gold with alcohol

Alcohol is one way to distinguish real gold from fake. Gold detection with alcohol is another widely used home method to check the authenticity of purchased gold. Most metals change color in the presence of alcohol; For this reason, when buying replacement jewelry, the buyer is asked to keep these jewelry away from alcohol and water in order to prevent the color change and deterioration of the appearance of these rhinestones. For this reason, you can use the method of detecting gold with alcohol to find out whether your metal piece is genuine or fake.

In the gold test with alcohol, you can dip part or all of your metal piece in alcohol. Since alcohol vaporizes in the presence of air, you only need to spray a small amount of alcohol on the metal piece and you do not need to immerse the metal in alcohol. If you plan to immerse the piece in alcohol to be sure, you should use a closed container.

If you use immersion method and only 5 minutes is enough to detect gold with alcohol. If after 5 minutes your metal does not change color and does not turn black, it is original; But in the spraying method, you should spray some alcohol to the metal piece at least two to three times at different time intervals. After a day, if no color change is observed, you can be sure that the gold is original.

To distinguish the gold from the fake, check its color

You can find out whether the gold is genuine or fake by controlling the color. In this way of detecting gold, you should check the color of gold after some time. If you notice that its color is dull and its original color is lost, be sure that your gold is fake. This method is one of the best ways to detect gold at home. Because the original gold has not changed its color in any way and its color will not be lost under any circumstances. If after some time you notice that your gold has lost color and its original color is lost, doubt its authenticity. In this case, you can use ways to identify gold to make sure it is genuine or fake.

Draw gold on the ceramic surface

Many metals have an appearance similar to gold. This issue has provided the basis for the fraud of profiteers. For example, in many cases, brass metal is substituted for gold and sold to uninformed buyers. In order to distinguish gold from brass, you can draw it on the ceramic surface. Since gold has a softer texture than brass, it will leave a mark on the desired surface. In this way, you can be sure that the gold you have purchased is original or not.

Identifying real gold through magnetism

Sometimes, by coating gold on another metal, they sell it to the customer as gold at a lower price. To distinguish real gold from fake, try its magnetism. Magnets do not stick to gold, so if a magnet sticks to the jewelry you bought, you have been deceived by the seller.

To distinguish gold from rhinestones, bite it

Another way to distinguish gold from rhinestones is to bite it. You must have seen many first place sports champions bite their gold medals. This biting is not only for posing for photography, but it is a way of knowing gold and has a scientific origin. When you bite into gold, your teeth will leave a mark on it due to its unique structural features. Of course, you have to increase your level of accuracy a little to see the marks of your teeth. You can use this method to know gold at a low cost and instantly.

Ammonia is used in the detection of gold

You can use ammonia to distinguish white gold from silver. Ammonia is a substance that reacts with all metals except platinum. In this method, which is one of the ways to detect gold, the color change of metals should be checked. If your gold is original white gold, it will not change color when in contact with ammonia; But other metals become dark in reaction with this substance.

One of the ways to distinguish gold from gold is to check the numbers and codes engraved on it. These codes are engraved on gold in order to provide complete information about the product to buyers and sellers. If you check the gold and notice that one of the codes 375, 500, 999, 958, 916, 750, 585 and 583 is engraved on it, you can be sure that the product you are holding is a gold artifact. One of these codes is engraved on all ornamental gold. Only in some old gold, these codes cannot be seen. In this case, the gold rate detection device is used to detect the gold rate. If the engraved codes are something other than the codes mentioned above, the gold seller has delivered a fake product to you.

Once you get home safely, it's important to remember that thieves may attack your business while you're away. Physically protecting safes, vaults, and store alarms through smart security gives you peace of mind, but there are more things to consider. If you wake up to a 2 a.m. phone call about your alarm and carelessly answer it, you might regret not paying attention. Given time, any safe or vault can be compromised. That's why it's important to be alerted as soon as you receive alarm signals and respond to each one with the same sense of urgency. Criminals sometimes use a false tactic and show you multiple false alarms to make you think your system is down, and then pounce on your moments of failure.

How to receive alerts and respond to alarm signals

To protect your business:

1. Check your alarm system features annually with your provider.
2. Check any alarm signals with your alarm monitoring company.
3. Go to your place of business to check for any warning signals.
4. Wait for the police to arrive before entering the store.
5. Let the police search the place for you.
6. Cooperate with the police to identify anything that may indicate a robbery or theft in progress.
7. Contact the alarm company to determine the cause of the signal.
8. If system repairs are needed, arrange for them to be done immediately.