Marquise

Since the second half of the nineties, the gold market in Iran faced severe price fluctuations and disruptions, which had significant effects on gold buying and selling patterns. These developments led to important changes in consumer behavior and jewelry design and production trends.

Changes in the buying and selling pattern
- Tendency to light and second-hand gold: With the increase in the price of gold, people turned to buying light and second-hand gold instead of buying new and heavy gold. This change in the buying pattern increased the demand for light and fancy gold.
- Fancy gold and jewelry: Fancy gold with special designs such as butterfly and Jadau, as well as customized gold combined with leather and texture, have become the trend of the day and attracted many audiences.

Impact on production and design
- Increasing the production of fancy and minimal golds: Brands and production workshops started to produce more light and fancy golds. Also, clothing brands also entered the field of gold production and added minimal and simple but popular works to the design of their clothes.
- Renovation of the traditional market: The traditional gold market also began to reform with the entry of new competitors and innovations and increased the import of modeled foreign gold. These measures helped to create more variety and improve the quality of products.

Design features and new products
- Combination with leather and texture: New golds, especially in fancy styles, are often combined with other materials such as leather and texture, which gives more visual appeal and variety to the products.
- Minimal and simple designs: These designs, which are simple but stylish and popular, include the use of small and minimal details such as gold buttons or golden collars.
- Innovation in design: The gold market has moved from traditional to innovative and modern designs, which attracts new customers and maintains the attractiveness of the market.

Economic and social impacts
- Recession and fluctuations: Despite the recession and price fluctuations, changes in the design and production of gold have increased the variety and attractiveness of products and attracted more customers.
- Establishment of new brands and workshops: Many new businesses have entered the gold market, and gold manufacturing brands and workshops have been established, which help the gold industry grow and develop.

Conclusion
Changes in the Iranian gold and jewelry market in the last decade have been accompanied by severe price fluctuations and economic and social developments. These changes have led to changes in buying and selling patterns, design and production of jewelry. The production of light and fancy gold, the entry of clothing brands into the gold market, and innovation in design have moved the gold market out of the traditional mode and towards a more modern and diverse market. These changes have not only increased the attractiveness and diversity of the products, but also improved the quality and attracted new customers by creating competition and innovation.

Handmade jewelry design

Handmade jewelry design is a creative and delicate art that requires the mastery of certain techniques and skills. This type of design includes the use of pencils and watercolors to transform creative ideas and thoughts into exciting and beautiful designs. A professional designer should have the following skills:
- Cross section cutting: Mastering various jewelry cutting techniques to create complex and precise designs.
- Jewelry arrangement: artistic ability to arrange and combine jewelry to create beautiful and unique designs.

Jewelry design with Matrix software

Matrix software is one of the most powerful and popular tools for designing gold, jewelry, all kinds of ornaments and precious stones. This software is used by many professional designers and goldsmith workshops due to its advanced features and extensive facilities. Some of the key features of this software are:
- High rendering: Matrix allows for highly realistic and high-quality renderings of jewelry designs.
- Diverse tools: It provides a set of advanced tools for the design and precise control of jewelry details.
- Creation of various shapes: the ability to create and manipulate various shapes and complex structures.
– Beautiful Defaults: Includes a collection of default designs that can be used as a starting point for new designs.
- Preview of the final design: the possibility of viewing and checking the final design before production.

Jewelry design with Zybrush software

Zybrush software is one of the most advanced and popular 3D modeling programs in the world. This software is also widely used in jewelry design due to its special abilities in creating very precise details. The prominent features of Zybrush are:
- Creation of precise details: the ability to create very fine and complex details in jewelry design.
- 3D modeling: 3D software space that allows creating realistic models.
- High resolution: producing models with extremely high resolution for greater accuracy and elegance.

Gold and jewelry repairs

Repairing gold and jewelry is a specialized field that requires a lot of skill and experience. Problems such as warping, bending and failure of locks due to heavy use, pressure or impact can destroy the beauty of gold. A person who performs gold repair work, using tools such as:
- Hammers and warehouses
- Laser devices
It restores damaged gold. Gold repairs require special skills and abilities that can only be obtained through experience and practice.

Goldsmith tools

Goldsmithing tools are very important for the correct execution of the manufacturing process. Some of these tools are:
- Rolling wheel: for rolling metals
Digital calipers and calipers: for precise measurements
- Hammer, milling cutter, drill and hammer: for shaping and polishing metals
- Types of pliers: such as round tail, narrow tail, wide tail, crimping pliers and crimping wire for storing and moving small parts.
- Fireproof board and welding lighter: for heat treatment and welding
- Half-round file and other polishing tools: for smoothing and polishing metal surfaces

Using these tools and techniques, goldsmiths can create beautiful and high-quality jewelry.

In the 80s and 90s, the use of computers in the design and production of gold and jewelry in leading countries brought to the market very beautiful designs that had the characteristics of elegance, beauty, light weight and affordability for most sections of the society. Iranian businessmen and builders also thought of using these designs in the Iranian market. To supply these designs to the gold and jewelry market, there were two solutions: one, importing these works from Europe and Southeast Asia and second, copying and making these designs in Iran.

Trying to adapt to the global market
Many builders decided to pursue the second option, i.e. copying and making these designs in-house, although many of these works, due to the lack of finesse in the construction, actually made the consumer more willing to buy foreign works. Due to the lack of acceptance of low-quality copied works, domestic manufacturers decided to update their manufacturing technology, but this itself caused the cost of construction to increase and the lower classes of society faced problems.

Production problems and price increases
Due to the problems of producing copied designs, designers and manufacturers turned to design, but because there was not enough experience and expertise in this field, they started to recreate the same old designs with slight changes, which are still available in the market. In the meantime, the increase in the base price of gold also caused the design, manufacturing, supply and buying and selling of gold and jewelry products to stagnate. However, the middle class sometimes and the wealthy class still had the possibility to buy these products.

Common jewelry in the 80s and 90s
Most of the artifacts used in this period for jewelry of different classes were:
1. Chains:
- New and elegant chains in various models, colors and sizes
- Older chains such as Venetian, Figaro, Rolex, Disco, Rope, Marie, etc

2. Pendants and plates:
- Pendants and chest plates with fancy designs or different shapes and colors
- Plaques with religious prayers or engraved geometric shapes with different subjects and shapes
- Pendants with colored stones

3. Earrings:
- Fancy and elegant earrings in different models and colors
- Hoop earrings with beautiful shapes

4. Bracelets:
- Bracelets with many different designs

5. Rings:
- Fancy rings
- Jewelry rings
- Jeweled rings such as agate and turquoise
- Wedding rings

6. Bangles:
- Bracelets or spring bracelets
- Wire, profile, hollow and mirror bangles

7. Various services:
- Chain services, tennis, mum, casting, jewelry, fancy cutting and jewelry

Conclusion
In the 80s and 90s, due to the growth of technology and the increase in the price of gold, the gold and jewelry industry in Iran faced many challenges. However, the effort to adapt to the global market and use new designs created the ground for changes in the design and production of jewelry in Iran. This period saw the combination of old designs with new styles, and some parts of the society continued to use these ornaments.

Changes in the use of gold and jewelry in Iran's social classes in the 40s

With social changes in the 40s, three social groups with different views on gold and jewelry were formed.

1. Jewelry downstairs
The lower class of society usually used gold ornaments in small amounts. This group considered the use of gold distasteful for men and only allowed the use of jewelry for women in the presence of their wives. Therefore, jewelry designers and makers only designed for women and men had no place in this group.

In this class, most of the jewelry used included silver rings with agate and turquoise, and jewelry such as gold watches, tie pins, neck chains, bracelets, and hand plates had no place for men. For women, ornaments such as chains and breastplates with prayers or religious names were common. Much of the jewelry was made in Arabic and Indian style, and due to financial constraints, jewelry with light weight and simple design was preferred. Yellow gold was more valued than white gold, and white gold was considered a substitute.

Ornaments used downstairs:
- Long and famous pea chains, braided chains, snake chains
- Pendants and chest plaques with designs of hearts or Kaaba and religious prayers
- Pendants with agate stone or turquoise
- Pendants with agate stone or turquoise
- Wire and wide enameled bangles
- Hoop and Indian earrings
- Simple rings or with agate and turquoise

2. Jewelry in the middle class
The middle class, which made up the majority of society, was influenced by the intellectual and fashion changes brought about by the intellectuals. At first, these intellectuals came back from the Soviet Union with communist and anti-capitalist ideas and considered the use of gold and jewelry as a sign of showing off and luxury. These thoughts caused the use of ornaments in this class to decrease and the production of manufacturers was also limited.

Over time, the middle class, by traveling to Europe and America and learning about their developments, tended to use more modern ornaments. Organic designs inspired by nature became popular, such as flower-shaped rings and earrings with designs of birds and butterflies. Minkari and gold inlay also helped to create artistic works.

Ornaments used in the middle class:
- Rope chains, Rolex and Marie
- Pendants and chest plates with fancy designs and organic shapes
- Fancy rings and wedding rings with small diamonds
- Pearl and turquoise necklaces
- Chain and wide bracelets
- Fancy hoop earrings
- Wire and wide enameled bangles

3. Gold and jewelry in the wealthy class
The affluent class, which constituted the minority of society, enjoyed all the benefits of fashion changes and used luxurious and precious jewelry. By ordering luxurious and beautiful jewelry, with the help of precious stones such as diamonds, emeralds, rubies, and pearls, this group used to own very beautiful jewelry.

Ornaments used in the wealthy class:
- Fancy rings, enameled and jeweled with diamonds, emeralds and rubies
- Fancy and organic design earrings, enameled and jeweled
- Chain bracelets and jewelry
- Big and fancy chains
- Large pendants with jewelry

Conclusion
In the 40s, the use of gold and jewelry in different classes of Iranian society was influenced by social, cultural and economic factors. While the lower class used simple and light ornaments due to financial limitations and religious thoughts, the middle class gradually turned to modern and organic ornaments under the influence of intellectuals and fashion changes. The affluent class always used luxurious and precious jewelry and followed fashion changes more quickly.

With the progress of mankind in industry and technology and the evolution of human thought throughout history, the shapes and types of jewelry have also changed and have become more elegant along with beauty. These changes and becoming more beautiful over time can be called "fashion".

Fashion is formed under the influence of the cultural and social conditions of the society in a certain period of time. Another definition has been provided for fashion: "The mode of behavior that is temporarily adopted by a certain part of the members of a social group, because they recognize that selected behavior is socially suitable for that time and situation."

Important points in reviewing fashion and gold
1. Class tendencies:
In different social classes, there are people who have higher or lower intellectual class tendencies than their current social class and behave in different classes. These people are not the subject of this report and the subject of the report is the vast majority of acceptable people of that class under discussion.

2. Impartiality in analysis:
Irrespective of any kind of intellectual and ideological tendency, only the report of behavioral changes of different classes of society regarding the use of ornaments in a certain period of time has been discussed and there is no intention and effort to evaluate the opinions and thoughts of different classes of society.

Conclusion
Fashion and gold, as part of the culture and art of societies, not only reflect intellectual and social developments, but also have profound effects on people's taste and behavior due to appearance and aesthetic changes. Examining these changes helps to better understand social and cultural developments and shows how various factors such as intellectual trends, interests, and geographical conditions affect fashion and the use of jewelry.

A gold coin deposit certificate is a security document that shows that its holder has a certain amount of gold coins in the warehouse of the Iran Commodity Exchange (Refah Bank campus treasury). This certificate of deposit allows people to own and buy and sell coins in the stock market without the need to physically store them. In this system, the only coin approved by Anbar is the full spring Azadi coin with 900 carat and weight of 8.133 grams, minted from 1386 onwards.

How the gold coin deposit certificate works:
1. Deposit: People deposit their coins in the warehouse of the Iran Commodity Exchange and receive a certificate of deposit in return.
2. Exchange transactions: These certificates can be traded as securities in the stock market.
3. Physical delivery: Whenever the certificate holder wants, he can go to the treasury and pick up his physical coins.

Advantages of gold coin deposit certificate:
1. Reduction of fees and wages: Gold coin deposit certificate transactions in the exchange have a much lower fee (about 0.25%) than physical coin transactions (1 to 2%).
2. Higher security: Securities are more secure than physical coins. In case of loss or theft, only the depositor or his legal representative can claim the coins.
3. Active market and high liquidity: The stock market, having permanent customers, provides the possibility of quick and easy buying and selling of coin deposit certificates.
4. Ease of storage and transaction: There is no need to physically store coins and transactions are done electronically, which eliminates the risks of keeping coins at home.

Types of coin transactions in the stock market:
1. Cash transactions: In this type of transaction, settlement is done in cash and in the shortest possible time.
2. Credit transactions: In this method, the buyer can get the ownership of the coin immediately, but the payment will be made in the future.
3. Forward transactions: This type of transaction allows the buyer to buy the coin in the future at the current agreed price.
4. Futures: This method allows the buyer and seller to enter into contracts to buy or sell coins on future dates at a specified price. This type of transaction is used to reduce the risk of price fluctuations.

Conclusion
The certificate of deposit of gold coins allows investors to buy and sell coins in the stock market without having to worry about keeping them physically. This method has more advantages than physical buying and selling of coins due to lower fees, higher security and ease of transactions. In addition, the existence of different types of transactions in the stock market provides flexibility and various possibilities for investors.

Buying and selling coins by the central bank

In addition to buying and selling coins, which is done face-to-face, with wholesale and individual sales, there are other ways to buy and sell coins. These methods include pre-buying or pre-selling of gold coins, as well as buying and selling gold coins in the high-risk stock market.

Advance purchase and advance sale of gold coins
Pre-purchase or pre-sale of gold coins is mostly done by the central bank. In this method, before the central bank mints the coins, the money for the coins is received from the people and they wait until they receive their coins on a certain date. This process is in such a way that the central bank encourages people to pre-purchase coins by announcing certain conditions.

Why do people pre-buy coins?
You may ask, why do people give their money to the central bank and not receive any coins? The reason for this is that the central bank provides attractive conditions for the advance purchase of coins. These terms include special discounts, lower interest rates, and guaranteed future coin delivery. For this reason, many people prefer to pre-purchase their coins from the Central Bank instead of buying cash from coin shops.

Advantages of pre-purchasing coins from the central bank
1. Higher security: Buying from the central bank is more secure because there is no risk of fraud or receiving low-quality coins.
2. Better financing terms: The central bank usually offers better financing terms than the open market, such as a discount or fixed rate guarantee.
3. Encouraging investment: By providing attractive conditions, the central bank encourages people to invest in gold, which can contribute to economic stability.

Buying and selling coins in the stock market
Buying and selling gold coins in the stock market is also one of the other methods that is particularly popular among investors due to high volatility and high risks. In this method, gold coins are recognized as a tradable asset in the commodity exchange, and people can make a profit by buying and selling these assets. But this method requires more knowledge and experience because the stock market is full of fluctuations and unpredictable changes.

Conclusion
There are different ways to buy and sell gold coins, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Pre-buying and pre-selling coins through a central bank is a more popular choice for many people due to the special conditions and higher security. But for those who are looking for more risk and higher potential profits, the stock market can be a good option. It is important that each person chooses the right method according to their risk tolerance and investment goal.

What is a bubble?
The difference between the real price and the market price of a commodity is called a bubble. A bubble occurs when the price of a commodity increases or decreases for reasons other than its intrinsic value.

What is the positive and negative bubble of gold?
A positive bubble occurs when the market price of a commodity, such as a coin or gold, is greater than its true value. In other words, the market price is too high. Conversely, a negative bubble occurs when the market price is lower than the real value of the commodity, that is, the market price is abnormally lower than its real value.

When does a coin bubble happen?
A coin bubble is formed when the coin market price fluctuates greatly under the influence of external factors such as the economic and political conditions of the country and deviates from its real price. The actual price of the coin is determined based on the world price of an ounce of gold and the exchange rate.

Who benefits from the coin bubble?
People who can predict market changes and get in or out at the right time will profit from coin bubbles. For example, in a positive bubble, those who bought the coin before the price went up can profit by selling it at a higher price. Conversely, in a negative bubble, people who buy the coin after the price drops can profit after the price returns to normal.

Factors causing the coin bubble
The creation of positive and negative bubbles in the coin market mainly occurs due to changes in supply and demand. When a large number of people are looking to buy a coin and the demand exceeds the supply, the price of the coin increases and a positive bubble is formed. Conversely, when the attractiveness of investing in a coin decreases and sellers outnumber buyers, the price of the coin decreases and a negative bubble is created.

Understanding the concept of a coin bubble and the factors that influence it will help investors make better decisions in the market and make the most of the opportunities available.

The story of vacuuming coins goes back decades. At that time, in order to ease the customer's mind about the authenticity of the coin, the exchange and coin dealers used to present their business card to the customer along with the coin. At that time, this business card had the status of a coin invoice and the customer was at ease.

This procedure continued until the money changers decided to press the coins on their business cards to increase the validity of the coin and make their work more beautiful. This process has progressed to the point where now all bank coins are bought and sold only in a vacuumed form. This means that these vacuumed coins have gained so much credibility among the public that people think that if a coin does not have a vacuum, it is not valid. But this belief is not true and all the open and non-vacuum coins minted by the central bank have the same weight and denomination as the vacuum coins.

The gold standard has been abandoned since the beginning of the First World War in most European countries and then gradually in other countries, and it was replaced by an unbacked monetary policy. In addition to capital use and use in jewelry, this metal has various other uses. Dentistry, production of colored glass and electronic industries are among the most important uses of gold. Due to its high electrical conductivity, this metal has many uses in electrical wiring.

According to estimates, more than 174 thousand tons of gold have been mined throughout human history until 2012. This amount is equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces in terms of Hajji, which is equivalent to 9015 cubic meters, according to estimates, 50% of it is used in the form of jewelry, 40% in the form of ingots and coins for investment in the official gold reserves, and about 10% in the industry sector.

The amount of global gold production in 2011 was about 2700 tons, which has increased significantly compared to 2260 tons in 2008. Since the 1880s, a large part of the world's gold production has been done in South Africa. About half of all the gold that has been mined so far has been from this country. From 1905 to 2007, South Africa has been consistently recognized as the number one gold producing country in the world. In 1970, this country produced 1480 tons of gold, equivalent to 79% of the total world gold production. South Africa's share in gold production has declined sharply in recent years. By 2017, China is by far the largest gold producer in the world with an annual production of 440 tons of gold.

India has been the largest importer of gold in recent decades due to the high demand for jewelry in this country. It is estimated that 18 thousand tons of gold are kept in the homes of Indians. However, in 2013, gold demand in China surpassed that of India. The unit of measurement of gold in the global market is the troy ounce, equivalent to 31.1 grams. The price of gold in July 2020 was equivalent to $1,800 per ounce, which is equivalent to about $58,000 per kilogram.